Challenging Gender Roles: Dionysus, Lucian, Dialogues of the Gods 18

Bacchus, Bending Gender Roles

Name: Lucian Date: 125 – 180 CE Region: [modern Turkey] Citation:   Dialogue of the Gods 18.1

Juno: Jupiter, I’m so embarrassed by how girly and what a partygoer your son is! He wears his hair all dolled up in a mitra, he spends all his time with rampaging women, but yet he’s more womanly than them. He’s always playing his little tambourine, his flutes, his cymbals, and he’s NOTHING like you.

Jupiter: And yet, Juno, this womanly mitra-wearing man who’s “more womanly than women,” not only conquered Lydia, captured Tmolus, and subjugated Thrace, but he also assembled an army of women and conquered all of India, including their war elephants, and brought the whole region under his control. When their king dared to resist him, he led him away as his captive. He did all this singing and dancing, whirling his ivy-covered thyrsus, drunk, and raging mad (as you say). And yet, if someone has it in mind to slander him, bringing disrespect to his sacred acts, they’ll pay the punishment, whether it’s being bound by vines, or be torn limb-from-limb by their own mother. Isn’t that manly, and worthy of his father?  Who cares if he does it while playing around and flirting? There’s nothing shameful in it! And who would criticize him, if he can do all this tipsy? What more would he accomplish if he were sober?

 

Ἥρα: ἐγὼ μὲν ᾐσχυνόμην ἄν, ὦ Ζεῦ, εἴ μοι τοιοῦτος υἱὸς ἦν θῆλυς οὕτω καὶ διεφθαρμένος ὑπὸ τῆς μέθης, μίτρᾳ μὲν ἀναδεδεμένος τὴν κόμην, τὰ πολλὰ δὲ μαινομέναις ταῖς γυναιξὶ συνών, ἁβρότερος αὐτῶν ἐκείνων, ὑπὸ τυμπάνοις καὶ αὐλῷ καὶ κυμβάλοις χορεύων, καὶ ὅλως παντὶ μᾶλλον ἐοικὼς ἢ σοὶ τῷ πατρί. Ζεύς: καὶ μὴν οὗτός γε ὁ θηλυμίτρης, ὁ ἁβρότερος τῶν γυναικῶν οὐ μόνον, ὦ Ἥρα, τὴν Λυδίαν ἐχειρώσατο καὶ τοὺς κατοικοῦντας τὸν Τμῶλον ἔλαβε καὶ τοὺς Θρᾷκας ὑπηγάγετο, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐπ᾽ Ἰνδοὺς ἐλάσας τῷ γυναικείῳ τούτῳ στρατιωτικῷ τούς τε ἐλέφαντας εἷλε καὶ τῆς χώρας ἐκράτησε καὶ τὸν βασιλέα πρὸς ὀλίγον ἀντιστῆναι τολμήσαντα αἰχμάλωτον ἀπήγαγε, καὶ ταῦτα πάντα ἔπραξεν ὀρχούμενος ἅμα καὶ χορεύων θύρσοις χρώμενος κιττίνοις, μεθύων, ὡς φής, καὶ ἐνθεάζων.

JUNO: Me quidem puderet, Juppiter, talis filii, tam feminei & corrupti ebrietate; qui mitra revinctam gerat comam, plurimum cum furibundis mulieribus versetur, mollior iis ipsis, ad tympana tibiasque & cymbala choreas agens, atque omnino cuivis similior, quam tibi patri. JUPITER: Atque hicce mitra feminea redimitus, mollior mulieribus, non solum, Juno, Lydiam subegit, incolentesque Tmolum cepit, & Thracas sibi subiecit; sed & adversus Indos rapto muliebri isto exercitu elephantos in potestatem redegit, & regione tota potitus est, regemque paululum resistere ausum captivum abduxit: & ista quidem omnia perfecit saltans simul & choreas ducens, thyrsis usus hederaceis, ebrius, ut ais, & furore concitus.

εἰ δέ τις ἐπεχείρησε λοιδορήσασθαι αὐτῷ ὑβρίσας ἐς τὴν τελετήν, καὶ τοῦτον ἐτιμωρήσατο ἢ καταδήσας τοῖς κλήμασιν ἢ διασπασθῆναι ποιήσας ὑπὸ τῆς μητρὸς ὥσπερ νεβρόν. ὁρᾷς ὡς ἀνδρεῖα ταῦτα καὶ οὐκ ἀνάξια τοῦ πατρός; εἰ δὲ παιδιὰ καὶ τρυφὴ πρόσεστιν αὐτοῖς, οὐδεὶς φθόνος, καὶ μάλιστα εἰ λογίσαιτό τις, οἷος ἂν οὗτος νήφων ἦν, ὅπου ταῦτα μεθύων ποιεῖ.

Tum si quis in animum induxit maledicere ipsi, contumeliis in sacrorum initia iactis, ab eo quoque poenas expetiit, vel ligatum obstringens palmitibus, vel ut discerperetur efficiens a matre tanquam hinnulus. Viden' ut virilia sint ista, atque haud indigna patre? Si vero lusus & lascivia simul adsint, nihil est ea in re, quod invidiam faciat; inprimis si quis reputet, qualis sobrius hicce foret, ubi isthaec facit ebrius. Translated into Latin by Tiberius Hemsterhuis and Johan Frederik Reitz

Lucian [Lucianus Samosatensis; 125 – 180 CE, modern Turkey] was a Roman satirist from Samosata [modern Turkey] who wrote in ancient Greek. His works are a mixture of sarcasm, wit, and biting social criticism. He is without a doubt one of the most popular authors of the later Roman empire.

Minerva, Diana, and the Muses: Free of Cupid's Influence, Lucian, Dialogi Deorum 19

Cupid Fleeing Artemis, Athena, and the Muses

Name: Lucian Date: 125 – 180 CE Region: [modern Turkey] Citation:  Dialogues of the Gods 19

Venus: Cupid, why have you stalked and conquered all of the other gods—Jupiter, Neptune, Apollo, Juno—and even me, your own mother!—but you hold off from attacking Minerva? Your torch holds no power over her; your quiver is  

empty of love-darts for her. You don’t even carry your bow around her, you don’t even know how to aim?

Cupid: I’m afraid of her, Mom! She is frightening! She has a ferocious scowl, and a manly intensity. Whenever I aim my bow at her, the rustling of her helmet’s crest terrifies me, and then my hands shake so much I drop my weapons.

Venus: But isn’t Mars more frightening to you than her? You were able to overpower him.

Cupid:  Yeah, but he likes me, and welcomes me to his side. Minerva always gives me an angry frown. One time, I rashly rushed her, brandishing my torch, but as soon as I approached her, she yelled at me, “I swear by my father Jupiter, I’ll either stab you with my spear, or grab you by your foot and toss you into Tartarus, or pluck your feathers off myself.” She threatened me with even more threats like this. She watches me with a discerning gaze. And finally, she carries that fear-inspiring Gorgon face on her chest [1]  with its snaky-hair. I’m incredibly afraid of her. I run every time I see her.

Venus: Okay, I get it: you’re afraid of Minerva, and her aegis, too. But yet you’re not afraid of Jupiter’s lightning bolt? And why don’t you go after the Muses? Why are they safe from your love darts? Do they shake their helmet crests at you, or show you their own aegis?

Cupid: Mom, I respect them. They’re demure and chaste. And they love what they do; their hearts are full of their art, and I get enchanted by their alluring songs.

Venus: Okay, I get it. You don’t go after them, because of their dedication to their art. But what about Diana? Why don’t you go after her?

Cupid: Well, to put it succinctly, I can’t go after her, because she’s always wandering over the mountains. She’s lovestruck by a desire [2] of her own.

Venus: OOOH! WHO?!!!!

Cupid:   She’s lovestruck by hunting deer, of tracking them and shooting them. That’s her one and only love. But her brother Apollo, an archer too (and not half bad!). He...

 Venus: Yes, I know, son. You’ve wounded him a bunch of times with your love darts. 

---

[1] A reference to her armor, the aegis.

[2] A pun on Cupid’s name.

Ἀφροδίτη: τί δήποτε, ὦ Ἔρως, τοὺς μὲν ἄλλους θεοὺς κατηγωνίσω ἅπαντας, τὸν Δία, τὸν Ποσειδῶ, τὸν Ἀπόλλω, τὴν Ῥέαν, ἐμὲ τὴν μητέρα, μόνης δὲ ἀπέχῃ τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς καὶ ἐπ᾽ ἐκείνης ἄπυρος μέν σοι ἡ δᾴς, κενὴ δὲ οἰστῶν ἡ φαρέτρα, σὺ δὲ ἄτοξος εἶ καὶ ἄστοχος;

VENUS: Quid tandem in causa est, Cupido, ut quum reliquos Deos omnes adortus expugnaris, Jovem ipsum, Neptunum, Apollinem, Junonem, me denique matrem, ab una Minerva temperes, utque adversus hanc nec ullum habeat incendium tua fax, et iaculis vacua sit pharetra, tum et ipse arcu careas, neque iaculari noris?

Ἔρως: δέδια, ὦ μῆτερ, αὐτήν: φοβερὰ γάρ ἐστι καὶ χαροπὴ καὶ δεινῶς ἀνδρική: ὁπόταν γοῦν ἐντεινάμενος τὸ τόξον ἴω ἐπ᾽ αὐτήν, ἐπισείουσα τὸν λόφον ἐκπλήττει με καὶ ὑπότρομος γίνομαι καὶ ἀπορρεῖ μου τὰ τοξεύματα ἐκ τῶν χειρῶν. Ἀ: ὁ Ἄρης γὰρ οὐ φοβερώτερος ἦν; καὶ ὅμως ἀφώπλισας αὐτὸν καὶ νενίκηκας. Ἔ:  ἀλλὰ ἐκεῖνος ἑκὼν προσίεταί με καὶ προσκαλεῖται, ἡ Ἀθηνᾶ δὲ ὑφορᾶται ἀεί, καί ποτε ἐγὼ μὲν ἄλλως παρέπτην πλησίον ἔχων τὴν λαμπάδα, ἡ δέ, εἴ μοι πρόσει, φησί, νὴ τὸν πατέρα, τῷ δορατίῳ σε διαπείρασα ἢ τοῦ ποδὸς λαβομένη καὶ ἐς τὸν Τάρταρον ἐμβαλοῦσα ἢ αὐτὴ διασπασαμένη διαφθερῶ. πολλὰ τοιαῦτα ἠπείλησε: καὶ ὁρᾷ δὲ δριμὺ καὶ ἐπὶ τοῦ στήθους ἔχει πρόσωπόν τι φοβερὸν ἐχίδναις κατάκομον, ὅπερ ἐγὼ μάλιστα δέδια: μορμολύττεται γάρ με καὶ φεύγω, ὅταν ἴδω αὐτό.

CUPIDO: Equidem hanc metuo, mater: est enim formidabilis, truculentoque aspectu, ac ferocitate quadam supra modum virili: proinde siquando tenso arcu petam illam, galeae cristam quatiens expavefacit me, moxque, formidine tremere occipio, sic ut arma mihi e manibus excidant. V: Atqui Mars an non erat hac formidabilior: et hunc tamen superatum exarmasti. C: Imo ille cupide me recipit, atque ultro etiam invitat: verum Minerva semper adductis superciliis observat. Quin aliquando temere ad illam advolavi, facem propius admovens: at illa, si quidem ad me accesseris, inquit, “per parentem Jovem, quovis modo te confecero, aut lancea te transfigam, aut pedibus arreptum in tartara dabo praecipitem, aut ipsa te discerpam!” Plurima item id genus cominabatur. Ad haec acribus obtuetur oculis: postremo & in pectore faciem quandam gestat horrendam, viperis capillorum vice comatam. Hanc nimirum magnopere formido. Territat enim me, fugioque quoties eam aspicio.

Ἀ: ἀλλὰ τὴν μὲν Ἀθηνᾶν δέδιας, ὡς φής, καὶ τὴν Γοργόνα, καὶ ταῦτα μὴ φοβηθεὶς τὸν κεραυνὸν τοῦ Διός. αἱ δὲ Μοῦσαι διὰ τί σοι ἄτρωτοι καὶ ἔξω βελῶν εἰσιν; ἢ κἀκεῖναι λόφους ἐπισείουσι καὶ Γοργόνας προφαίνουσιν; Ἔ: αἰδοῦμαι αὐτάς, ὦ μῆτερ: σεμναὶ γάρ εἰσι καὶ ἀεί τι φροντίζουσι καὶ περὶ ᾠδὴν ἔχουσι καὶ ἐγὼ παρίσταμαι πολλάκις αὐταῖς κηλούμενος ὑπὸ τοῦ μέλους. Ἀ: ἔα καὶ ταύτας, ὅτι σεμναί: τὴν δὲ Ἄρτεμιν τίνος ἕνεκα οὐ τιτρώσκεις; Ἔ: τὸ μὲν ὅλον οὐδὲ καταλαβεῖν αὐτὴν οἷόν τε φεύγουσαν ἀεὶ διὰ τῶν ὀρῶν: εἶτα καὶ ἴδιόν τινα ἔρωτα ἤδη ἐρᾷ. Ἀ: τίνος, ὦ τέκνον; Ἔ: θήρας καὶ ἐλάφων καὶ νεβρῶν, αἱρεῖν τε διώκουσα καὶ κατατοξεύειν, καὶ ὅλως πρὸς τῷ τοιούτῳ ἐστίν: ἐπεὶ τόν γε ἀδελφὸν αὐτῆς, καίτοι τοξότην καὶ αὐτὸν ὄντα καὶ ἑκηβόλον — Ἀ: οἶδα, ὦ τέκνον, πολλὰ ἐκεῖνον ἐτόξευσας.

V: Esto sane, Minervam metuis, ut ais, atque huius gestamen Gorgona reformidas, idque quum Jovis ipsius fulmen non formidaveris: caeterum Musae quam ob causam abs te non feriuntur, atque a tuis iaculis tutae agunt? Num & hae cristas quatiunt, aut Gorgonas praetendunt? C: Has quidem revereor mater: sunt enim vultu pudico ac reverendo: praeterea semper aliquo tenentur studio, semper cantionibus animum intentum gerunt: quin ipse etiam non raro illis assisto, carminis suavitate delinitus. V: Esto, nec has adoriris, propterea quod sint reverendae: at Dianam, quo tandem gratia non vulneras? C: Ut breviter dicam, hanc ne deprehendere quidem usquam sum potis, quippe perpetuo per montes fugitantem. Ad haec alterius cuiusdam sui Cupidinis illa tenetur cupidine.

Ἀ: οἶδα, ὦ τέκνον, πολλὰ ἐκεῖνον ἐτόξευσας.

V: Cuius o gnate? C: Nempe venatu cervorum et hinnulorum, quos insectatur ut capiat, ac iaculo figat. Ac prorsum tota rerum huiusmodi studio tenetur: tametsi fratrem eius, qui nimirum arcu valet et ipse, feritque eminus. V: Teneo gnate, eum saepenumero sagitta vulnerasti. Translated into Latin by Desiderius Erasmus

Lucian [Lucianus Samosatensis; 125 – 180 CE, modern Turkey] was a Roman satirist from Samosata [modern Turkey] who wrote in ancient Greek. His works are a mixture of sarcasm, wit, and biting social criticism. He is without a doubt one of the most popular authors of the later Roman empire.

Dangerous Beauty: Ganymede in Olympus, Apollonius Rhodes III.314-318

 Trigger Warning: abduction

Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite ask Eros to help Jason obtain the Golden Fleece:

Invenit autem ipsum seorsim Iovis florenti in campo,

non solum, sed una etiam Ganymedem, ( quem olim Jupiter

In coaelum transtulerat, contubernalem Deorum

Pulchritudinis desiderio perculsus) cum talis autem illi

aureis, utpote pueri familiares, ludebant.

εὗρε δὲ τόνγ᾽ ἀπάνευθε Διὸς θαλερῇ ἐν ἀλωῇ,

οὐκ οἶον, μετα καὶ Γανυμήδεα, τόν ῥά ποτε Ζεὺς

οὐρανῷ ἐγκατένασσεν ἐφέστιον ἀθανάτοισιν,

κάλλεος ἱμερθείς. ἀμφ᾽ ἀστραγάλοισι δὲ τώγε

χρυσείοις, ἅ τε κοῦροι ὁμήθεες, ἑψιόωντο.

--Apollonius of Rhodes, Argonautica III.314-318; translated into Latin by Joannes Shaw (1777)

She found Cupid in the blossoming fields of Olympus,

Not alone, but together with Ganymede.

Struck by the youth’s beauty,

Jupiter had  brought him to Olympus

as a squire for the gods.

Cupid & Ganymede were playing with golden dice like childhood friends.

 

APOLLONIUS OF RHODES	MAP:
Name:  Apollonius of Rhodes Date:  3rd century BCE Works:  Argonautica	REGION  4
BIO:	Timeline:
Little is known of this Hellenistic poet, but what is clear is that his surviving epic, the Argonautica, was wildly influential to later epic poets. According to the Suda, he was the Director of the Library of Alexandria and was a contemporary of the poet Callimachus (α.4319).	HELLENISTIC GREEK

Unwounded by Eros: Athena, Apollonius of Rhodes, Argonautica III.32-35

 When Athena and Hera plot to help the Argonaut Jason to find the Golden Fleece, Hera recommends recruiting Aphrodite to elicit Eros' aid. 

Juno, insciam me pater genuit huius ictuum,

nec rem aliquam novi quae vim habeat demulcendi amorem.

Si autem tibi ipsi haec sententia arridet, certe ego

assensum praebitura sum; tu vero compellandi vicem geres,

ubi conveneris.

‘Ἥρη, νήιδα μέν με πατὴρ τέκε τοῖο βολάων,

οὐδέ τινα χρειὼ θελκτήριον οἶδα πόθοιο.

εἰ δέ σοι αὐτῇ μῦθος ἐφανδάνει, ἦ τ᾽ ἂν ἔγωγε

ἑσποίμην: σὺ δέ κεν φαίης ἔπος ἀντιόωσα.’

--Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica III.32-35, Translated into Latin by Joannes Shaw (1777)

“Juno, Father Jupiter bore me to be inexperienced with [Cupid’s] arrows,

Nor do I know any way to manage desire.

If you like this idea, then of course I will agree with it;

But you will have to do all of the talking

When you meet [with Venus].

APOLLONIUS OF RHODES

MAP:

Name:  Apollonius of Rhodes

Date:  3^rd century BCE

Works:  Argonautica

 

REGION  4

BIO:

Timeline:

 Little is known of this Hellenistic poet, but what is clear is that his surviving epic, the Argonautica, was wildly influential to later epic poets. According to the Suda, he was the Director of the Library of Alexandria and was a contemporary of the poet Callimachus (α.4319).

 HELLENISTIC GREEK